py/misc: Introduce macros to check values' bits size.

This commit adds two macros that lets check whether a given value can
fit an arbitrary number of bits, either as a signed or as an unsigned
number.

The native emitter code backends perform a lot of bit size checks to see
if a particular code sequence can be emitted instead of a generic one,
and each platform backend has its own ad-hoc macros (usually one per bit
count and signedness).

With these macros there's a single way to perform those checks, plus
there's no more chance for off-by-one mask length errors when dealing
with signed numbers.

Signed-off-by: Alessandro Gatti <a.gatti@frob.it>

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